Page 92 - web

Security concepts

or issuing travel or identification documents on behalf of a country. These documents might have been issued
improperly, obtained through deception, corruption, coercion, or any other unlawful means, or they may be used
by someone other than the rightful owner.
B. Forced/Involuntary Migration
Forced or involuntary migration denotes the compelled movement of individuals or groups from their original
places of residence to other locations due to reasons beyond their control.

Displacement
Displacement is a practice often associated with sectarian cleansing by a powerful entity against a disadvantaged
racial, religious, or sectarian group, typically a minority. The objective is to «clear territories» of demographic
diversity by forcibly evacuating these groups and replacing them with a specific category .
Consequently, displacement becomes a policy marked by coercion, dislocation, and the forcible movement of
people. This is frequently executed through the use of force, compelling individuals to relocate to other places,
often far away. The aim is to bring about demographic changes for political reasons, disguised with religious,
sectarian, or ethnic dimensions, as part of displacement and cleansing plans.
The entity responsible for such actions, whether prevailing governance or a political faction controlling a region
by force, bears criminal and legal responsibility for committing a crime against humanity.
The individuals who undergo displacement are termed refugees, having been forcibly uprooted from their homes.
Conversely, those settled in their place are referred to as settlers, as exemplified in historical instances like
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States, and Israel.
Displacement is considered one of the most severe forms of forced migration, where the displaced person lacks the
choice to determine the destination of their displacement. Despite their preferences, they are compelled to move
to a location against their will , often leading to permanent residence.
It is essential to note that the concept of displacement differs from the notion of evacuation, which is a preventive,
precautionary, and temporary measure taken by authorities to avoid a natural disaster or a man-made catastrophe,
such as a radioactive leak, that may endanger the lives or health of residents in specific areas. The situation
concludes once the risks subside, allowing people to return to their homes.

Refuge
Refuge is an orderly forced migration under the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, encompassing
three distinct categories: asylum seekers, refugees, and stateless individuals.

Application Asylum
The term “asylum seekers» refers to individuals who have entered a country other than their own, seeking
protection and subsequently applying for asylum to the relevant authorities to obtain refugee status for
humanitarian reasons. However, their application has not yet been decided .

Utilizing Refugee Status
Coercive motives leading to seeking asylum are evident when an individual fears persecution based on their
race, religion, nationality, affiliation with a particular social group, or political opinions outside their country
of nationality. Due to this fear, they cannot or do not want to seek protection in their home country. Similarly,
individuals without nationality (stateless) residing outside their usual country of residence due to such events and
unable or unwilling to return to that country also fall under the category of seeking asylum.
The refugee status is only complete when these asylum seekers cross the political borders of an internationally
recognized state to seek protection in another country.
When an asylum seeker is granted refugee status, the relevant authorities issue a temporary residence permit
while awaiting developments in their home country after the expiration of the temporary residence period.
It is noteworthy that the granting state, providing refuge, requires the asylum seeker to make the request when
they are outside their home country, i.e., upon entering the country where they seek international protection as an
asylum seeker. Subsequently, the individual undergoes an interview to ensure that they genuinely deserve refugee
status, along with the rights and access to various services associated with it.

92